Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and / or metastatic (spread to other locations in the body). These three properties of malignant cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited in their growth and do not invade or metastasize (although some benign tumor types are capable of becoming malignant). Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age. [1] Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. [2] Apart from humans, forms of cancer may affect other animals and plants. Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some develop cancer after exposure to a known carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly being recognized as important. Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are often activated in cancer cells, those cells giving new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse environments tissue. Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated often in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system. Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate, as well as the normal cell type they most resemble. These are location and histology, respectively. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and cured some, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on molecular abnormalities detectable in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments. Contents [hide] 1 Classification 1.1 Nomenclature 1.2 Adult Cancers 1.3 Childhood Cancers 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Investigation 3.2 Biopsy 4 Treatment 4.1 Surgery 4.2 Radiation therapy 4.3 Chemotherapy 4.4 Targeted therapies 4.5 Immunotherapy 4.6 Hormonal therapy 4.7 Symptom control 4.8 Complementary and Alternative 4.9 Treatment trials 5 Prognosis 5.1 Emotional impact 6 Causes 6.1 Chemical carcinogens 6.2 Ionizing Radiation 6.3 Infectious diseases 6.4 Hormonal imbalances 6.5 Immune system dysfunction 6.6 Heredity 6.7 Other causes 7 Pathophysiology 7.1 Epigenetics 7.2 Oncogenes 7.3 Tumor suppressor genes 7.4 Cancer cell biology 7.4.1 Clonal evolution 7.4.2 Biological properties of cancer cells 8 Prevention 8.1 Changeable ( "lifestyle") risk factors 8.2 Diet 8.3 Vitamins 8.4 Chemoprevention 8.5 Genetic testing 8.6 Vaccination 8.7 Screening 9 Epidemiology 10 History 11 Research 12 See also 13 References 13.1 General references 14 External links 14.1 Professional and research 14.2 Support and advocacy Classification Nomenclature The following closely related terms may be used to designate abnormal growths: Neoplasm: a scientific term which refers to an abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells. Malignant neoplasm: synonymous with cancer. Tumor: broadly defined, can be any swelling or mass. However, the vast majority of entities referred to as' tumors' in common use are in fact neoplasms. Specifically, a tumor is a solid neoplasm; Some neoplasms, such as cancers of the blood, are not solid. Benign tumor: a tumor (solid neoplasm) that has self-limiting growth and does not invade other tissues nor metastasize. Usually not cancerous. Pre-malignancy or pre-cancer: A non-invasive neoplasm that may not form an obvious mass or lesion but has the potential to progress to cancer if left untreated. These lesions are, in order of increasing potential for cancer, atypia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Transformation: the concept that an indolent or minimally aggressive neoplasm can transition to a state of more malignant behavior over time. Example: Richter's transformation. Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumor and, therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin of the tumor. Examples of general categories include: Carcinoma: Malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells. This group represents the most common cancers, including the common forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer. Sarcoma: Malignant tumors derived from connective tissue, or mesenchymal cells. Leukemia and Lymphoma: Malignancies derived from hematopoetic (blood-forming) cells Germ cell tumor: Tumors derived from totipotent cells. In adults most often found in the testicle and ovary; In fetuses, babies, and young children most often found on the body midline, particularly at the tip of the tailbone; In horses most often found at the poll (base of the skull). Blastic tumor: A tumor (usually malignant) which resembles an immature or embryonic tissue. Many of these tumors are most common in children. Malignant tumors are usually named using the Latin or Greek root of the organ of origin as a prefix and the above category name as the suffix. For instance, a malignant tumor of the liver is called hepatocarcinoma; A malignant tumor of the fat cells is called liposarcoma. For common cancers, the English name is used organ. For instance, the most common type of breast cancer is called ductal carcinoma of the breast or mammary ductal carcinoma. Here, the adjective ductal refers to the appearance of the cancer under the microscope, resembling normal breast ducts. Benign tumors are named using -oma as a suffix organ with the name as the root. For instance, a benign tumor of the smooth muscle of the uterus is called leiomyoma (the common name of this frequent tumor is fibroid). However, some cancers also use this prefix for historical reasons, examples being melanoma and seminoma. Adult Cancers In the U.S. And other developed countries, cancer is presently responsible for about 25% of all deaths. [3] On a yearly basis, 0.5% of the population is diagnosed with cancer. The statistics below are for adults in the United States, and may vary substantially in other countries: Male Female Most common (by case) most common (by mortality) [3] most common (by case) most common (by mortality) [3] Prostate cancer (33%) lung cancer (31%) breast cancer (32%) lung cancer (27%) Lung cancer (13%) prostate cancer (10%) lung cancer (12%) breast cancer (15%) Colorectal cancer (10%), colorectal cancer (10%), colorectal cancer (11%), colorectal cancer (10%) Bladder cancer (7%) pancreatic cancer (5%) endometrial cancer (6%) ovarian cancer (6%) Cutaneous melanoma (5%) leukemia (4%) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4%) pancreatic cancer (6%) Childhood cancers Cancer can also occur in young children and adolescents, but it is rare (about 150 cases per million yearly in the US). Statistics from the SEER program of the US NCI demonstrate that childhood cancers increased 19% between 1975 and 1990, mainly due to an increased incidence in acute leukemia. Since 1990, incidence rates have decreased [4] The age of peak incidence of cancer in children occurs during the first year of life. Leukemia (ALL usually) is the most common infant malignancy (30%), followed by the central nervous system cancers and neuroblastoma. The remainder consists of Wilms' tumor, lymphomas, rhabdomyosarcoma (arising from muscle), retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. [3] Teratoma is the most common tumor in this age group, but most teratomas are surgically removed while still benign. Female and male infants have essentially the same overall cancer incidence rates, but white infants have substantially higher cancer rates than black infants for most cancer types. Relative survival for infants is very good for neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor and retinoblastoma, and fairly good (80%) for leukemia, but not for most other types of cancer. Signs and symptoms Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups: Local symptoms: unusual lumps or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage (bleeding), bread and / or ulceration. Compression of surrounding tissues may cause symptoms such as jaundice. Symptoms of metastasis (spreading): enlarged lymph nodes, cough and hemoptysis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), bone pain, fractures of affected bones and neurological symptoms. Although advanced cancer may cause pain, it is often not the first symptom. Systemic symptoms: weight loss, poor appetite and cachexia (wasting), excessive sweating (night sweats), anemia and specific paraneoplastic phenomena, i.e. Specific conditions that are due to an active cancer, such as thrombosis or hormonal changes. Every symptom in the above list can be caused by a variety of conditions (a list of which is referred to as the differential diagnosis). Cancer may be a common or uncommon cause of each item. Diagnosis Most cancers are initially recognized either because signs or symptoms appear or through screening. Neither of these lead to a definitive diagnosis, which usually requires the opinion of a pathologist. Investigation Chest x-ray showing lung cancer in the left lung.People with suspected cancer are investigated with medical tests. These commonly include blood tests, X-rays, CT scans and endoscopy. Biopsy A cancer may be suspected for a variety of reasons, but the most definitive diagnosis of malignancies must be confirmed by histological examination of the cancerous cells by a pathologist. Tissue can be obtained from a biopsy or surgery. Many biopsies (such as those of the skin, breast or liver) can be done in a doctor's office. Biopsies of other organs are performed under anesthesia and require surgery in an operating room. The tissue diagnosis indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, its histological grade and other features of the tumor. Together, this information is useful to evaluate the prognosis of this patient and choose the best treatment. Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry may provide information about future behavior of the cancer (prognosis) and best treatment. Treatment Cancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, monoclonal antibody therapy or other methods. The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). A number of experimental cancer treatments are also under development. Complete removal of the cancer without damage to the rest of the body is the goal of treatment. Sometimes this can be accomplished by surgery, but the propensity of cancer to invade adjacent tissue or to spread to distant sites by microscopic metastasis often limits its effectiveness. The effectiveness of chemotherapy is often limited by toxicity to other tissues in the body. Radiation can also cause damage to normal tissue. Because "cancer" refers to a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "cure for cancer" any more than there will be a single treatment for all infectious diseases. Surgery In theory, cancers can be cured if entirely removed by surgery, but this is not always possible. When the cancer has metastasized to other sites in the body prior to surgery, complete surgical excision is usually impossible. In the Halstedian model of cancer progression, tumors grow locally, then spread to the lymph nodes, then to the rest of the body. This has given rise to the popularity of local-only treatments such as surgery for small cancers. Even small localized tumors are increasingly recognized as possessing metastatic potential. Examples of surgical procedures for cancer include mastectomy for breast cancer and prostatectomy for prostate cancer. The goal of the surgery can be either the removal of the tumor only, or the entire organ. A single cancer cell is invisible to the naked eye but can regrow into a new tumor, a process called induction. For this reason, the pathologist will examine the surgical specimen to determine if a margin of healthy tissue is present, thus decreasing the chance that microscopic cancer cells are left in the patient. In addition to removal of the primary tumor, surgery is often necessary for staging, e.g. Determining the extent of the disease and whether it has metastasized to regional lymph nodes. Staging is a major determinant of prognosis and of the need for adjuvant therapy. Occasionally, surgery is necessary to control symptoms, such as spinal cord compression or bowel obstruction. This is referred to as palliative treatment. Radiation therapy Main Article: Radiation therapy Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy, X-ray therapy, or irradiation) is the use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy can be administered externally via external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or internally via brachytherapy. The effects of radiation therapy are localized and confined to the region being treated. Radiation therapy injures or destroys cells in the area being treated (the "target tissue") by damaging their genetic material, making it impossible for these cells to continue to grow and divide. Although radiation damages both cancer cells and normal cells, most normal cells can recover from the effects of radiation and function properly. The goal of radiation therapy is to damage as many cancer cells as possible, while limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue. Hence, it is given in many fractions, allowing healthy tissue to recover between fractions. Radiation therapy may be used to treat almost every type of solid tumor, including cancers of the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, stomach, uterus, or soft tissue sarcomas. Radiation is also used to treat leukemia and lymphoma. Radiation dose to each site depends on a number of factors, including the radiosensitivity of each cancer type and whether there are nearby tissues and organs that may be damaged by radiation. Thus, as with every form of treatment, radiation therapy is not without its side effects. Chemotherapy Main article: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with drugs (anticancer drugs) that can destroy cancer cells. In current usage, the term "chemotherapy" usually refers to cytotoxic drugs which affect rapidly dividing cells in general, in contrast with targeted therapy (see below). Chemotherapy drugs interfere with cell division in various possible ways, e.g. With the replication of DNA or the newly formed separation of chromosomes. Most forms of chemotherapy target all rapidly dividing cells and are not specific for cancer cells, although some degree of specificity may come from the inability of many cancer cells to repair DNA damage, while normal cells generally can. Hence, chemotherapy has the potential to harm healthy tissue, especially those tissues that have a high replacement rate (e.g. intestinal lining). These cells usually repair themselves after chemotherapy. Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more drugs are often given at the same time. This is called "combination chemotherapy; Most chemotherapy regimens are given in a combination. The treatment of some leukaemias and lymphomas requires the use of high-chemotherapy, and total body irradiation (TBI). This treatment ablates the bone marrow, and hence the body's ability to recover and repopulate the blood. For this reason, bone marrow, or peripheral blood stem cell harvesting is carried out before the ablative part of the therapy, to enable "rescue" after the treatment has been given. This is known as autologous stem cell transplantation. Alternatively, hematopoietic stem cells may be transplanted from a matched unrelated Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (growth and division without regard to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and / or metastatic (spread to other parts of the body). These three properties malignant cancers differentiate benign tumors, which are autonomous in their growth limited and not invade or metastases (although certain types of benign tumors are likely to become malignant). Cancer can affect people of all ages, even fetuses, but the risk for the most common varieties tends to increase with age. [1] The cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. [2] In addition to humans, forms of cancer can affect other animals and plants. Almost all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material in cells transformed. These anomalies may be due to the effects of carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals or infectious agents. Other cancer promote genetic abnormalities can be acquired by random errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some of developing cancer after exposure to a carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly recognized as important. Genetic Abnormalities found in the cancer usually affecting two broad categories of genes. - Promoting cancer oncogenes are activated in cancer cells, these cells, giving new properties, such as growth and division hyperactive, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to set in several tissues. Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in loss of normal functions in these cells, such as the precise DNA replication, cell cycle control, direction and adhesion in the tissues , and interaction with the cells of the immune system protection. Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancer cells, as well as the type of normal cell, they resemble more. This is the location and histology, respectively. A definitive diagnosis usually requires histological examination of biopsy tissue by a pathologist, although the first indication of malignancy may be symptoms or abnormal radiographic imaging. Most cancers can be treated and cured some, depending on the type, location, and the stage. Once diagnosed, the cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. As research grows, the salaries are increasingly specific to the different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on molecular abnormalities detected in some tumors and minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is the most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, the histological classification and the presence of specific molecular markers may also be useful in the preparation of prognosis and in the determination of individual treatments. Contents [hide] 1 ranking 1.1 Nomenclature 1.2 Adult cancers 1.3 Childhood cancers 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Investigation 3.2 Biopsy 4 Treatment 4.1 Surgery 4.2 radiotherapy 4.3 Chemotherapy 4.4 Targeted therapies 4.5 Immunotherapy 4.6 Hormone 4.7 Symptom Control 4.8 complementary and alternative therapies 4.9 Processing trial 5 Prognosis 5.1 emotional impact 6 Causes 6.1 chemical carcinogens 6.2 Ionizing 6.3 Infectious Diseases 6.4 Hormonal imbalances 6.5 Immune system malfunction 6.6 heredity 6.7 Other Cases 7 Pathophysiology 7.1 Epigenetics 7.2 Oncogenes 7.3 Tumor suppressor genes 7.4 cancer cell biology 7.4.1 clonal evolution 7.4.2 Biological properties of cancer cells 8 prevention 8.1 modifiable ( "Life") risk factors 8.2 Diet 8.3 Vitamins 8.4 chemoprevention 8.5 genetic testing 8.6 Vaccination 8.7 Screening 9 Epidemiology 10 History 11 Research 12 See also 13 References 13.1 General references 14 links 14.1 Professional and Research 14.2 support and advocacy Classification Nomenclature The following closely related terms can be used to identify abnormal growths: Neoplasm: a scientific term that refers to an abnormal proliferation of genetically modified cells. Malignancies: synonymous with cancer. Tumor: in the broadest sense, can be any swelling or mass. However, the vast majority of entities called "tumor" in common usage are actually neoplasms. Specifically, a tumor is a solid tumor; Some tumors, such as cancers of the blood, are not solid. A benign tumor: a tumor (solid tumor), which has succeeded in limiting the growth and not invade other tissues or metastases. Generally non-cancerous. Prior to the prior malignancy or cancer: a non-invasive tumor, which may not be a mass or lesion obvious, but has the potential to progress to cancer if left untreated. These lesions are, in ascending order of potential cancer, atypia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Transformation: the notion that a little indolent or aggressive tumor can transition to a more malignant behavior over time. Example: the transformation of Richter. Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumor and, therefore, the tissue presumed to be at the origin of the tumor. Examples of these general categories: Carcinoma: malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells. This group represents the most common cancers, including common forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer. Sarcoma: malignancies from connective tissue, or mesenchymal cells. Leukemia and Lymphoma: malignant from hematopoetic (blood forming) cells Germ cell tumors: tumors derived from totipotent cells. In most adults often found in the testis and ovary; In the fetus, infants and young children most often found on the midline of the body, particularly at the end of the tailbone; In most Horses often found in the survey (base of the skull). Blastique tumor: a tumor (usually malignant), which looks like an immature or embryonic tissues. Many of these tumors are more common in children. Malignant tumors are usually named using the Latin or Greek root of the organ of origin as a prefix and above the category name as the suffix. For example, a malignant tumor of the liver is a hepatocarcinoma; A malignant tumor of the fat cells is called liposarcoma. For cancers, the body English name is used. For example, the most common type of breast cancer is called ductal breast cancer or breast ductal cancer. Here, the adjective ductal refers to the appearance of the cancer under the microscope, which looks normal breast ducts. Benign tumors are named using as oma-name suffix of the body as the root. For example, a benign tumor of smooth muscle of the uterus is called leiomyoma (the name of this is common fibroid tumor). However, some cancers also use the prefix for historical reasons, are examples of melanoma and seminoma. Cancers of the adult In the United States and in other developed countries, cancer is currently responsible for about 25% of all deaths. [3] On an annual basis, 0.5% of the population is diagnosed with cancer. Below are statistics for adults in the United States, and may vary significantly in other countries: Male Female More common (by accident) more frequent (mortality) [3] The most common (by accident) more frequent (mortality) [3] Hodgkin's disease (33%), lung cancer (31%) of breast cancer (32%), lung cancer (27%) Lung cancer (13%), prostate cancer (10%), lung cancer (12%) of breast cancer (15%) Colorectal cancer (10%), colorectal cancer (10%), colorectal cancer (11%), colorectal cancer (10%) Bladder Cancer (7%), pancreatic cancer (5%), endometrial cancer (6%), ovarian cancer (6%) Melanoma skin (5%) leukemia (4%) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4%), pancreatic cancer (6%) Childhood cancers Cancer can also occur among young children and adolescents, but it is rare (about 150 cases per million per year in the United States). Statistics from the SEER program of the US NCI demonstrate that childhood cancers has increased 19% between 1975 and 1990, mainly due to an increase in the incidence of acute leukemia. Since 1990, incidence rates have declined [4] The age of peak incidence of cancer among children occurs during the first year of life. Leukemia (ALL generally) is the most common infant malignancy (30%), followed by cancers of the central nervous system and neuroblastoma. The rest is made up of Wilms tumors, lymphomas, rhabdomyosarcoma (arising from muscles), retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. [3] Teratoma is the most common tumor in this age group, but most of teratomas are removed surgically while remaining benign. Female and male infants have essentially the same rate overall incidence of cancer, but white infants had significantly cancer rate higher than the black for most infants types of cancer. Relative infant survival is very good for neuroblastoma, and Wilms tumor retinoblastoma, and fairly good (80%) for leukemia, but not for most other types of cancer. Signs and symptoms Basically, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups: Local symptoms: unusual pieces or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage (bleeding), pain and / or ulcers. The compression of surrounding tissue can cause symptoms such as jaundice. The symptoms of metastases (spreading): swollen, cough and hemoptysis, liver enlargement (hyperplasia of the liver), bone pain, fractures of the affected bone and neurological symptoms. Although advanced cancer may cause pain, it is not often the first symptom. Systemic symptoms: weight loss, loss of appetite, and cachexia (wasting), excessive sweating (night sweats), anemia and paraneoplastic phenomena, ie specific terms that are due to cancer assets, such that thrombosis or hormonal changes. Each symptom in the above list can be caused by a variety of conditions (a list of what is called the differential diagnosis). Cancer can be a common or frequent causes of each article. Diagnosis Most cancers are recognized initially, either because of the signs or symptoms occur or through screening. None of these lead to a definitive diagnosis, which usually requires the advice of a pathologist. Investigation Radiography showed pulmonary lung cancer left lung.People suspected cancer are studied with medical tests. They include frequent blood tests, x-rays, CT scans and endoscopy. Biopsy A cancer can be suspected for a variety of reasons, but the definitive diagnosis of most malignant tumors must be confirmed by histological examination of tumor cells by a pathologist. Fabrics can be obtained from a biopsy or surgery. Many biopsies (like those of the skin, breast or liver) can be done in a doctor's office. Biopsies of other organs are performed under anesthesia and require surgery in an operating room. The tissue diagnosis indicates the type of cell proliferating histologic grade and other characteristics of the tumor. Together, this information is useful in determining the prognosis of the patient and choose the best treatment. Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry can provide information on the future behavior of cancer (prognosis) and better treatment. Treatment The cancer can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies or other methods. The choice of treatment depends on the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance). A number of experimental cancer treatments are also under development. Élimination complète de la tumeur sans endommager le reste du corps est l'objectif du traitement. Parfois, cela peut être fait en chirurgie, mais la propension des cancers à envahir les tissus adjacents ou de se propager à des sites distants par les métastases microscopiques souvent les limites de son efficacité. L'efficacité de la chimiothérapie est souvent limitée par la toxicité pour les autres tissus de l'organisme. Les rayonnements peuvent aussi causer des dommages au tissu normal. Parce que "le cancer" se réfère à une classe de maladies, il est peu probable que l'on puisse jamais être d'un seul "remède contre le cancer" pas plus, il y aura un seul traitement pour toutes les maladies infectieuses. Chirurgie En théorie, les cancers peuvent être guéris si entièrement enlevé par la chirurgie, mais ce n'est pas toujours possible. Lorsque le cancer a produit des métastases à d'autres sites dans le corps avant la chirurgie, l'excision chirurgicale complète est généralement impossible. Dans le Halstedian modèle de la progression du cancer, tumeurs cultiver localement, puis propagé aux ganglions lymphatiques, puis dans le reste du corps. Cela a donné lieu à la popularité de locale seulement des traitements tels que la chirurgie des petites cancer. Même les petites tumeurs sont de plus en plus reconnu comme possédant métastatique. Exemples d'interventions chirurgicales pour le cancer comprennent mastectomie pour un cancer du sein et de la prostatectomie pour cancer de la prostate. Le but de l'opération peut être soit la suppression de la seule tumeur ou l'organe entier. Une seule cellule cancéreuse est invisible à l'oeil nu mais peut repousser à une nouvelle tumeur, un processus appelé récurrence. Pour cette raison, le pathologiste examinera la opératoire pour déterminer si une marge de tissu sain est présent, ce qui diminue les chances que les cellules cancéreuses microscopiques sont laissés dans le patient. En plus de la suppression de la tumeur primaire, la chirurgie est souvent nécessaire pour la mise en scène, eg Déterminer l'étendue de la maladie et si elle a produit des métastases régionales des ganglions lymphatiques. La mise en scène est un déterminant majeur du pronostic et de la nécessité d'une thérapie adjuvante. Occasionnellement, une intervention chirurgicale est nécessaire pour maîtriser les symptômes, tels que la compression de la moelle épinière ou de l'occlusion intestinale. On parle alors de soins palliatifs. Radiothérapie Article de fond: radiothérapie Radiation (aussi appelée radiothérapie, la radiologie thérapeutique, ou irradiation) est l'utilisation des rayonnements ionisants pour tuer les cellules cancéreuses et les tumeurs se rétrécir. La radiothérapie externe peut être administré par radiothérapie externe (EBRT) ou à l'intérieur par curiethérapie. Les effets de la radiothérapie sont localisés et limités à la région à traiter. Radiothérapie blesse ou détruit les cellules dans la zone traitée (le "tissu cible") en endommageant leur matériel génétique, ce qui rend impossible pour ces cellules de continuer à croître et à se diviser. Bien que les rayonnements dégrade à la fois les cellules cancéreuses et les cellules normales, la plupart des cellules normales peuvent remettre des effets des rayonnements et fonctionner correctement. Le but de la radiothérapie est d'endommager les cellules cancéreuses autant que possible, tout en limitant les dommages à proximité des tissus sains. Par conséquent, il est donné dans de fractions, ce qui permet de récupérer les tissus sains entre les fractions. La radiothérapie peut être utilisée pour traiter presque tous les types de tumeurs solides, notamment le cancer du cerveau, du sein, du col de l'utérus, du larynx, du poumon, pancréas, prostate, de la peau, de l'estomac, l'utérus, ou les sarcomes des tissus mous. Les rayonnements sont également utilisés pour traiter la leucémie et le lymphome. Dose de rayonnement à chaque site dépend d'un certain nombre de facteurs, y compris le cancer de la radiosensibilité de chaque type et s'il existe des tissus et des organes proches qui peuvent être endommagés par le rayonnement. Ainsi, comme dans toute forme de traitement, la radiothérapie n'est pas sans effets secondaires. Chimiothérapie Article de fond: Chimiothérapie La chimiothérapie est le traitement du cancer avec de la drogue ( "anticancéreux") qui peuvent détruire les cellules cancéreuses. En usage courant, le terme "chimiothérapie" fait généralement référence à cytotoxiques qui affectent les cellules en division rapide en général, contrairement à la thérapie ciblée (voir ci-dessous). Chimiothérapie médicaments interfèrent avec la division cellulaire dans diverses manières possibles, eg À la duplication de l'ADN ou de la séparation de l'nouvellement formé les chromosomes. La plupart des formes de chimiothérapie cibler tous les cellules en division rapide et ne sont pas spécifiques aux cellules cancéreuses, même si un certain degré de spécificité peut provenir de l'incapacité de nombreuses cellules cancéreuses à la réparation des lésions de l'ADN, alors que les cellules normales peuvent généralement. Ainsi, la chimiothérapie est susceptible de nuire à des tissus sains, en particulier ceux des tissus qui ont un fort taux de remplacement (eg muqueuse intestinale). Ces cellules généralement réparer eux-mêmes après la chimiothérapie. Parce que certaines drogues fonctionnent mieux ensemble que seul, deux ou plusieurs médicaments sont souvent donnés dans le même temps. C'est ce qu'on appelle "la combinaison chimiothérapie"; Plus de chimiothérapie sont données dans une combinaison des deux. Le traitement de certaines leucémies et des lymphomes nécessite l'utilisation de fortes doses de chimiothérapie et irradiation corporelle totale (TCC). Ce traitement ablates la moelle osseuse, et donc la capacité de l'organisme de récupérer et de repeupler le sang. Pour cette raison, la moelle osseuse ou de cellules souches du sang périphérique récolte est effectuée avant l'ablatif partie de la thérapie, afin de permettre "de sauvetage" après le traitement a été donné. C'est ce qu'on appelle la transplantation de cellules souches autologues. Alternativement, les cellules souches hématopoïétiques peuvent être transplantés sans assorti d'un donateur (MUD).donor (MUD).
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